{"id":4453,"date":"2025-11-07T17:48:55","date_gmt":"2025-11-07T16:48:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/revuedestemps.com\/?p=4453"},"modified":"2025-11-07T18:15:01","modified_gmt":"2025-11-07T17:15:01","slug":"4453","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/revuedestemps.com\/index.php\/2025\/11\/07\/4453\/","title":{"rendered":"Incident de Likhni : Causes et effets sur les \u00e9v\u00e8nements du 9 avril 1989 en G\u00e9orgie."},"content":{"rendered":"

L\u2019ann\u00e9e 1989 a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e0 la fois tr\u00e8s difficile et d\u00e9cisive pour la G\u00e9orgie. Cela s\u2019explique par la trag\u00e9die du 9 avril 1989, la plus grande de l\u2019histoire contemporaine du pays, lorsqu\u2019une manifestation pacifique a \u00e9t\u00e9 dispers\u00e9e parce que les manifestants r\u00e9clamaient l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance de la G\u00e9orgie vis-\u00e0-vis de l\u2019Union sovi\u00e9tique. En r\u00e9ponse, l\u2019arm\u00e9e sovi\u00e9tique a tu\u00e9 21 personnes afin de disperser la foule. Les causes et les motifs qui ont conduit \u00e0 ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements \u00e9taient multiples, c\u2019est ce dont nous allons discuter dans l\u2019article qui suit.<\/h3>\n

Au printemps 1989, la situation en G\u00e9orgie est devenue tr\u00e8s tendue. Le 14 mars, le groupe d\u2019initiative du Forum du peuple abkhaze a adress\u00e9 une demande au pr\u00e9sident du comit\u00e9 ex\u00e9cutif du conseil du district de Goudauta (le gouvernement officiel du district) en sollicitant l\u2019autorisation d\u2019organiser un \u00ab congr\u00e8s populaire \u00bb sur la plaine de Likhni le 18 mars.<\/h3>\n

Le rassemblement devait discuter d\u2019un \u00ab projet de proposition \u00bb sur le statut politique de la r\u00e9publique autonome. Le motif annonc\u00e9 pour organiser ce rassemblement \u00e9tait que le Comit\u00e9 central du PCUS pr\u00e9parait un pl\u00e9num extraordinaire sur les relations interethniques.<\/h3>\n

Le samedi 18 mars 1989, un congr\u00e8s des Abkhazes s\u2019est tenu dans le village de Likhni, en pr\u00e9sence de toute la direction du parti et de l\u2019administration sovi\u00e9tique de la R\u00e9publique autonome d\u2019Abkhazie, sous la direction de Boris Adleiba, premier secr\u00e9taire du comit\u00e9 r\u00e9gional abkhaze du Parti communiste de G\u00e9orgie, et Valerian Kobakhia, pr\u00e9sident du Pr\u00e9sidium du Conseil supr\u00eame de la RSSA abkhaze.<\/h3>\n

Lors de cette r\u00e9union, un projet d\u2019\u00ab Appel \u00bb a \u00e9t\u00e9 adopt\u00e9 \u00e0 destination du Comit\u00e9 central du PCUS, du Conseil supr\u00eame de l\u2019URSS et du Conseil des ministres, document que tous les dirigeants d\u2019origine abkhaze, dont B. Adleiba et V. Kobakhia, ont sign\u00e9. C\u2019est pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment cette derni\u00e8re circonstance qui a jou\u00e9 un r\u00f4le d\u00e9terminant dans le d\u00e9veloppement ult\u00e9rieur des \u00e9v\u00e9nements en Abkhazie.<\/h3>\n

La population g\u00e9orgienne locale, qui, comme cela a \u00e9t\u00e9 souvent not\u00e9, n\u2019avait jusque-l\u00e0 montr\u00e9 aucune activit\u00e9 politique, s\u2019est soudainement r\u00e9veill\u00e9e et a r\u00e9pondu \u00e0 cette d\u00e9marche de l\u2019\u00e9lite politique abkhaze par une vive protestation g\u00e9n\u00e9rale.<\/h3>\n

Les documents adopt\u00e9s lors du \u00ab rassemblement de Likhni \u00bb \u00e9taient : \u00ab L\u2019appel de Likhni du 18 mars 1989 \u00bb et la \u00ab R\u00e9solution du peuple abkhaze \u00bb (ces documents constituaient une nouvelle \u00ab calomnie \u00bb \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de la G\u00e9orgie et du peuple g\u00e9orgien). Les s\u00e9paratistes rendaient la G\u00e9orgie et les G\u00e9orgiens responsables de tous les malheurs subis par le peuple abkhaze. Les documents affirmaient que la \u00ab politique nationale l\u00e9niniste \u00bb \u00e9tait gravement bafou\u00e9e en G\u00e9orgie.<\/h3>\n

Les participants \u00e0 la \u00ab r\u00e9union abkhaze \u00bb ont cat\u00e9goriquement exig\u00e9 la correction imm\u00e9diate de la \u00ab tragique erreur \u00bb commise en 1931 (lorsque la soi-disant \u00ab R\u00e9publique socialiste sovi\u00e9tique abkhaze ind\u00e9pendante \u00bb, sans la volont\u00e9 du peuple abkhaze, a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9e en R\u00e9publique socialiste sovi\u00e9tique autonome d\u2019Abkhazie au sein de la RSS de G\u00e9orgie). Ils demandaient alors le retrait de la RSSA abkhaze de la RSS de G\u00e9orgie, ce qui contredisait les constitutions de l\u2019URSS et de la RSS de G\u00e9orgie, lesquelles garantissaient et confirmaient clairement l\u2019int\u00e9grit\u00e9 territoriale des r\u00e9publiques f\u00e9d\u00e9r\u00e9es (en l\u2019occurrence, la RSS de G\u00e9orgie).<\/h3>\n

Cette \u00ab d\u00e9claration \u00bb de Likhni, provoqu\u00e9e par les s\u00e9paratistes abkhazes, \u00e9tait totalement anticonstitutionnelle, ill\u00e9gale et radicalement conflictuelle, ce qui a exacerb\u00e9 et stimul\u00e9 l\u2019escalade des tensions, aussi bien en Abkhazie qu\u2019\u00e0 Tbilissi, \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de l\u2019URSS.<\/h3>\n

La publication de \u00ab l\u2019Appel de Likhni \u00bb et plusieurs affrontements g\u00e9orgiano-abkhazes ont provoqu\u00e9 une vive r\u00e9action en G\u00e9orgie, y compris des r\u00e9pressions de la part des dirigeants du parti abkhaze.<\/h3>\n

Le 4 avril, des \u00e9tudiants participant \u00e0 la protestation ont investi le grand escalier de la Maison du Gouvernement, se sont munis de sacs de couchage et ont d\u00e9clar\u00e9 une gr\u00e8ve de la faim. Les leaders Zviad Gamsakhourdia et Gia Chanturia se sont joints \u00e0 la manifestation, exigeant la reconnaissance de l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance de la G\u00e9orgie et l\u2019abolition de l\u2019autonomie de l\u2019Abkhazie. Les G\u00e9orgiens sont venus en grand nombre des r\u00e9gions et les rassemblements ont gagn\u00e9 toute la capitale. Dans certains cas, des non-G\u00e9orgiens, comme des Arm\u00e9niens locaux, ont rejoint les manifestations. Les militants g\u00e9orgiens, notamment des membres de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Ilia Tchavtchavadz\u00e9, ont appel\u00e9 \u00e0 la solidarit\u00e9 g\u00e9orgiano-abkhaze et ont affirm\u00e9 que le gouvernement sovi\u00e9tique attisait les tensions ethniques afin d\u2019affaiblir le mouvement national.<\/h3>\n

En d\u00e9finitive, d\u2019un point de vue analytique, ce sont les processus mentionn\u00e9s plus haut (incident de Likhni et manifestations qui ont suivi) qui ont accompagn\u00e9 la trag\u00e9die du 9 avril de l\u2019ann\u00e9e 1989. Cette m\u00eame trag\u00e9die qui a men\u00e9 des citoyens d\u00e9mocrates et humanistes \u00e0 renverser le gouvernement g\u00e9orgien. Ce mouvement, bien qu\u2019ayant trouv\u00e9 son paroxysme avec les \u00e9v\u00e9nements du 9 avril 1989, prend ses racines avec \u00ab\u00a0l\u2019Appel de Likhni\u00a0\u00bb.<\/h3>\n

@Nika Utsunashvili<\/h3>\n
    \n
  1. \n

    <\/a> Merab Vachnadze, Vakhtang Guruli, Publishing House \u00ab\u00a0Artanuji\u00a0\u00bb Tbilisi 2001, History of Georgia (XIX\u2013XX centuries)<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
  2. \n

    Zurab Papaskiri, Sokhumi state university, tbilisi 2021: \u201ewhy abkhazia is Georgia, A true history\u201c<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
  3. \n

    Stephen Jones, Georgia’s Political History Since Independence, Social Sciences Center 2012<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
  4. \n

    Jemal Gamakharia, Lia Akhaladze, Malkhaz Baramidze, Tamaz Beradze, Lia Bitadze, Irakli Gelenava, Teimuraz Gvantseladze, Badri Gogia, Koba Okujava, Guranda Fkhakadze, Rezo Kvistani, Bejan Khorava, Dazmir Jojava: Essays from the history of Georgia:Abkhazia from ancient times to the present, publishing \u201einteleqti\u201c 2007<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
  5. \n

    Nino Chiqovani, Qetevan Kakitelashvili, Irakli Chkhaidze, Ivane Tsereteli, Qetevan Epadze. Georgia – Trauma and Triumph on the Road to Independence, publishing \u201eSamshoblo\u201c 2022<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
  6. \n

    Dimitri Shvelidze, The Political Conflicts and the Overthrow of National Government in Georgia: 1987-1992. \u201cUniversali\u201d publishing<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Version original:<\/em><\/h3>\n

    Incindent of Likhni : The causes and motives behind of the april 9, 1989 events in Georgia<\/h2>\n

    1989 was a very difficult and at the same time a turning point for Georgia. First of all, precisely because of the April 9, 1989 tragedy, the greatest tragedy in the modern history of Georgia, when a peaceful demonstration was broken up because members of the protest demanded Georgia\u2019s independence from the Soviet Union and in response, the Soviet army killed 21 people during the dispersal of this demonstration, however the causes and motives that led to these processes were different, which we will discuss now.<\/h3>\n

    In the spring of 1989, the situation in Georgia became very tense. On March 14, the initiative group of the \u201cAbkhazian People\u2019s Forum\u201d applied to the chairman of the executive committee of the Gudauta district council (the official government of the district) with a statement and asked him for permission to hold a \u201cpeople\u2019s congress\u201d on the Likhni plain on March 18.<\/h3>\n

    The gathering was to discuss a \u201cdraft proposal\u201d on the political status of the autonomous republic. The motive for holding such a rally was announced to be the fact that the Central Committee of the CPSU was preparing an extraordinary plenum on interethnic relations.<\/h3>\n

    On Saturday, March 18, 1989, a congress of Abkhazians was held in the village of Likhni, attended by the entire party and Soviet leadership of the Abkhaz Autonomous Republic under the leadership of Boris Adleiba, First Secretary of the Abkhaz Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Georgia, and Valerian Kobakhia, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Abkhazian ASSR.<\/h3>\n

    The meeting adopted a draft \u00ab\u00a0Appeal\u00a0\u00bb to the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Supreme Council of the USSR and the Council of Ministers, under which all the leaders of the Abkhazian nationality, including B. Adleiba and V. Kobakhia, signed their signatures. It was this latter circumstance that played a fateful role in the further development of events in Abkhazia.<\/h3>\n

    The local Georgian population, which, as has been repeatedly noted, had not shown any political activity before, suddenly woke up and responded to this demarche of the Abkhazian political elite with a fierce general protest.<\/h3>\n

    The documents adopted at the \u201cLikhni gathering\u201d were: \u201cLikhni Appeal of March 18, 1989\u201d and \u201cAbkhazian People\u2019s Resolution\u201d (these documents were another \u201cslander\u201d of the Georgian and Georgian people). The separatists blamed Georgia and Georgians for all the misfortunes that befell the Abkhazian people. The documents stated that \u201cLeninist national policy\u201d was being grossly violated in Georgia.<\/h3>\n

    The participants of the \u201cAbkhazian Gathering\u201d categorically raised the issue of immediately correcting the \u201ctragic mistake\u201d made in 1931 (when the supposedly \u201cindependent\u201d Abkhazian Soviet Socialist Republic, without the will of the Abkhazian people, was transformed into the Abkhazian Autonomous Soviet Republic within the Georgian SSR), the de facto withdrawal of the Abkhazian ASSR from the Georgian SSR, which contradicted the constitutions of both the USSR and the Georgian SSR, in which the territorial integrity of the allied republics (in this case, the Georgian SSR) was clearly confirmed and constitutionally strengthened.<\/h3>\n

    This \u00ab\u00a0declaration\u00a0\u00bb of Likhni, provoked by Abkhazian separatists, was completely unconstitutional, illegal, and radically confrontational, which exacerbated and stimulated the escalation of tensions both in Abkhazia and in Tbilisi against USSR.<\/h3>\n

    The publication of the \u00ab\u00a0Likhni Address\u00a0\u00bb and several Georgian-Abkhazian clashes caused a sharp reaction in Georgia, including repression by Abkhazian party leaders.<\/h3>\n

    On April 4, students participating in the protest took over the wide staircase of the Government House, prepared sleeping bags and declared a hunger strike. Leaders Zviad Gamsakhurdia and Gia Chanturia joined the demonstration, demanding the recognition of Georgia’s independence and the abolition of Abkhazia’s autonomy. Georgians came in large numbers from the regions, and the rallies covered the entire capital. In some cases, non-Georgians, such as local Armenians, joined the rallies. Georgian activists, in particular members of the Ilia Chavchavadze Society, called for Georgian-Abkhazian solidarity and claimed that the Soviet government was fomenting ethnic strife in order to weaken the national movement.<\/h3>\n

    In the end, from an analytical point of view, we discussed a number of processes that accompanied 1989 and, of course, we talked about the impact of the \u00ab\u00a0Likhni incident\u00a0\u00bb on the tragedy of April 9, 1989 in Georgia, because we can safely say that the paradigmatic event of April 9 in Georgia with a chain reaction begins precisely with the \u00ab\u00a0Likhni address\u00a0\u00bb.<\/h3>\n

    @Nika Utsunashvili<\/h3>\n
      \n
    1. \n

      \u00a0<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
    2. \n

      Merab Vachnadze, Vakhtang Guruli, Publishing House \u00ab\u00a0Artanuji\u00a0\u00bb Tbilisi 2001, History of Georgia (XIX\u2013XX centuries)<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
    3. \n

      Zurab Papaskiri, Sokhumi state university, tbilisi 2021: \u201ewhy abkhazia is Georgia, A true history\u201c<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
    4. \n

      Stephen Jones, Georgia’s Political History Since Independence, Social Sciences Center 2012<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
    5. \n

      Jemal Gamakharia, Lia Akhaladze, Malkhaz Baramidze, Tamaz Beradze, Lia Bitadze, Irakli Gelenava, Teimuraz Gvantseladze, Badri Gogia, Koba Okujava, Guranda Fkhakadze, Rezo Kvistani, Bejan Khorava, Dazmir Jojava: Essays from the history of Georgia:Abkhazia from ancient times to the present, publishing \u201einteleqti\u201c 2007<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
    6. \n

      Nino Chiqovani, Qetevan Kakitelashvili, Irakli Chkhaidze, Ivane Tsereteli, Qetevan Epadze. Georgia – Trauma and Triumph on the Road to Independence, publishing \u201eSamshoblo\u201c 2022<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
    7. \n

      Dimitri Shvelidze, The Political Conflicts and the Overthrow of National Government in Georgia: 1987-1992. \u201cUniversali\u201d publishing<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n

      <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      L\u2019ann\u00e9e 1989 a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e0 la fois tr\u00e8s difficile et d\u00e9cisive pour la G\u00e9orgie. Cela s\u2019explique par la trag\u00e9die du 9 avril 1989, la plus grande de l\u2019histoire contemporaine du pays, lorsqu\u2019une manifestation pacifique a \u00e9t\u00e9 dispers\u00e9e parce que les manifestants r\u00e9clamaient l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance de la G\u00e9orgie vis-\u00e0-vis de l\u2019Union sovi\u00e9tique. En r\u00e9ponse, l\u2019arm\u00e9e sovi\u00e9tique a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":32,"featured_media":4455,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[50],"class_list":["post-4453","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-histoire","tag-novembre"],"yoast_head":"\nIncident de Likhni : Causes et effets sur les \u00e9v\u00e8nements du 9 avril 1989 en G\u00e9orgie. - Revue des Temps<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/revuedestemps.com\/index.php\/2025\/11\/07\/4453\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Incident de Likhni : Causes et effets sur les \u00e9v\u00e8nements du 9 avril 1989 en G\u00e9orgie. - Revue des Temps\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"L\u2019ann\u00e9e 1989 a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e0 la fois tr\u00e8s difficile et d\u00e9cisive pour la G\u00e9orgie. Cela s\u2019explique par la trag\u00e9die du 9 avril 1989, la plus grande de l\u2019histoire contemporaine du pays, lorsqu\u2019une manifestation pacifique a \u00e9t\u00e9 dispers\u00e9e parce que les manifestants r\u00e9clamaient l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance de la G\u00e9orgie vis-\u00e0-vis de l\u2019Union sovi\u00e9tique. 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