{"id":4751,"date":"2025-12-15T16:22:32","date_gmt":"2025-12-15T15:22:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/revuedestemps.com\/?p=4751"},"modified":"2025-12-15T22:49:31","modified_gmt":"2025-12-15T21:49:31","slug":"georgie-le-non-respect-du-traite-de-mai-1920-par-la-russie-sovietique","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/revuedestemps.com\/index.php\/2025\/12\/15\/georgie-le-non-respect-du-traite-de-mai-1920-par-la-russie-sovietique\/","title":{"rendered":"G\u00e9orgie\u00a0: Le non-respect du trait\u00e9 de mai 1920 par la Russie sovi\u00e9tique."},"content":{"rendered":"\n

<\/p>\n\n\n

La G\u00e9orgie, en tant que R\u00e9publique socialiste sovi\u00e9tique de G\u00e9orgie, a fait partie de l\u2019Union sovi\u00e9tique de 1922 jusqu\u2019au r\u00e9tablissement de son ind\u00e9pendance en 1991. Entre mai 1918 et f\u00e9vrier 1921, la G\u00e9orgie a exist\u00e9 en tant que r\u00e9publique ind\u00e9pendante. Cette ind\u00e9pendance est devenue possible \u00e0 la suite de l\u2019effondrement de l\u2019Empire russe apr\u00e8s la R\u00e9volution d\u2019Octobre de 1917 et le d\u00e9clenchement de la guerre civile russe.<\/h3>\n

La G\u00e9orgie a profit\u00e9 de cette situation politique pour proclamer son ind\u00e9pendance et a, dans un premier temps, b\u00e9n\u00e9fici\u00e9 du soutien politique et diplomatique de l\u2019Allemagne. Le gouvernement social-d\u00e9mocrate issu de l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance chercha \u00e0 obtenir une l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 internationale et la reconnaissance des puissances occidentales. \u00c0 cette fin, une d\u00e9l\u00e9gation g\u00e9orgienne a partcicip\u00e9e \u00e0 la Conf\u00e9rence de la paix de Paris entre 1919 et 1920. Si la G\u00e9orgie parvint \u00e0 obtenir une reconnaissance de facto, l\u2019obtention d\u2019une reconnaissance de droit s\u2019av\u00e9ra beaucoup plus difficile. Les principales puissances europ\u00e9ennes report\u00e8rent cette d\u00e9cision tant que la guerre civile russe se poursuivait, soutenant le g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Denikine et le mouvement blanc, et continuant de consid\u00e9rer la G\u00e9orgie et le Caucase comme des territoires destin\u00e9s \u00e0 \u00eatre r\u00e9int\u00e9gr\u00e9s dans une future \u00ab Russie d\u00e9mocratique \u00bb.<\/h3>\n

Apr\u00e8s la d\u00e9faite du mouvement blanc, l\u2019attitude europ\u00e9enne \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de la R\u00e9publique d\u00e9mocratique de G\u00e9orgie commen\u00e7a \u00e0 \u00e9voluer. Progressivement, l\u2019existence ind\u00e9pendante de la G\u00e9orgie fut de plus en plus accept\u00e9e et, le 27 janvier 1921, le Conseil de l\u2019Entente reconnut officiellement le gouvernement social-d\u00e9mocrate de G\u00e9orgie. Il convient toutefois de noter que la Russie sovi\u00e9tique avait d\u00e9j\u00e0 reconnu l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance de la G\u00e9orgie plus t\u00f4t, le 7 mai 1920, par la signature du trait\u00e9 de Moscou.<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

Trait\u00e9 de mai 1920.<\/em><\/p>\n

Les questions suivantes sont celles auxquelles nous r\u00e9pondrons dans cet article : qu\u2019\u00e9tait-il \u00e9crit dans l\u2019accord ? Quelles motivations ont guid\u00e9 les deux parties dans la conclusion de cet accord ? Pourquoi s\u2019est-il r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 de courte dur\u00e9e et comment a-t-il affect\u00e9 les processus politiques internes de la G\u00e9orgie ?<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

Article sur le trait\u00e9 de Moscou dans le journal g\u00e9orgien \u00ab Sakartvelos Respublika \u00bb (1920, n\u00b0 103).<\/em><\/p>\n

Pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 ces questions, il est d\u2019abord n\u00e9cessaire d\u2019examiner les processus politiques plus larges qui se d\u00e9veloppaient \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque en Russie et dans le Caucase. Apr\u00e8s la d\u00e9faite des forces blanches, les bolcheviks tent\u00e8rent de r\u00e9tablir leur contr\u00f4le sur les territoires de l\u2019ancien Empire russe. Le 28 avril 1920, l\u2019Arm\u00e9e rouge occupa l\u2019Azerba\u00efdjan, et une tentative similaire fut bient\u00f4t entreprise contre la G\u00e9orgie.<\/h3>\n

Sergo Ordjonikidze, bolchevik g\u00e9orgien et chef du Bureau du Caucase, joua un r\u00f4le cl\u00e9 dans ces efforts. Dans sa correspondance avec L\u00e9nine et Staline, il se montra convaincu que l\u2019Arm\u00e9e rouge envahirait Tbilissi avant le 4 mai. Ces attentes se r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e8rent erron\u00e9es. L\u2019arm\u00e9e g\u00e9orgienne parvint \u00e0 stopper l\u2019Arm\u00e9e rouge \u00e0 la fronti\u00e8re azerba\u00efdjanaise, contraignant la direction bolchevique \u00e0 modifier ses plans. En r\u00e9action \u00e0 cette r\u00e9sistance, L\u00e9nine et Staline ordonn\u00e8rent \u00e0 Ordjonikidze de retirer les troupes et de cesser, du moins temporairement, toute action militaire suppl\u00e9mentaire contre la G\u00e9orgie.<\/h3>\n

\"1917-d0b3\"<\/p>\n

Sergo Orjonikidze (1886-1937).<\/em> \u00ab\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0456\u0434\u0456\u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0456\u0437\u043c\u0443, \u0439\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0431\u0438\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0456\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0454 \u043c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0456 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0438\u00bb.<\/em><\/p>\n

Dans ce contexte, en avril 1920, No\u00e9 Jordania (chef du gouvernement g\u00e9orgien) envoya Grigol Ouratadze, homme politique social-d\u00e9mocrate et membre de l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e constituante, \u00e0 Moscou afin d\u2019entamer des n\u00e9gociations. La direction g\u00e9orgienne comprenait qu\u2019une reconnaissance par la Russie bolchevique renforcerait consid\u00e9rablement la position internationale de la G\u00e9orgie et faciliterait une reconnaissance par les \u00c9tats occidentaux, qui cherchaient \u00e0 \u00e9viter une confrontation directe avec la Russie. Il convient de mentionner qu\u2019au m\u00eame moment, la Russie \u00e9tait en guerre avec la Pologne.<\/h3>\n

\"Noe_Schordania\" \"Uratadze_grigoli.\"<\/p>\n

Noe Jordania (1868- 1953), <\/em>Grigol Uratadze (1878- 1959).<\/p>\n

Dans ces circonstances, le gouvernement g\u00e9orgien consid\u00e9ra le moment comme particuli\u00e8rement favorable pour obtenir la reconnaissance russe. Les n\u00e9gociations dur\u00e8rent environ une semaine et la Russie sovi\u00e9tique accepta de conclure un accord avec l\u2019\u00c9tat g\u00e9orgien.<\/h3>\n

La d\u00e9l\u00e9gation russe \u00e9tait dirig\u00e9e par Lev Karakhan, vice-commissaire du peuple aux Affaires \u00e9trang\u00e8res. Le trait\u00e9 de Moscou se composait de seize articles et de deux annexes secr\u00e8tes. J\u2019en pr\u00e9sente le contenu ci-dessous.<\/h3>\n

\u00b0 Premi\u00e8rement, la Russie reconnut sans condition l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance et la souverainet\u00e9 de l\u2019\u00c9tat g\u00e9orgien et renon\u00e7a formellement \u00e0 toute revendication sur les droits exerc\u00e9s auparavant sur le territoire et les eaux g\u00e9orgiens. Elle accepta \u00e9galement de ne pas s\u2019ing\u00e9rer dans les affaires int\u00e9rieures de la G\u00e9orgie.<\/h3>\n

\u00b0 Deuxi\u00e8mement, la question des fronti\u00e8res fut r\u00e9gl\u00e9e largement en faveur de la G\u00e9orgie, notamment par la reconnaissance par la Russie de la r\u00e9gion de Batoumi comme faisant partie de la R\u00e9publique d\u00e9mocratique de G\u00e9orgie.<\/h3>\n

Enfin, les deux parties s\u2019engag\u00e8rent \u00e0 rester neutres et \u00e0 ne pas autoriser sur leurs territoires des groupes arm\u00e9s ou politiques cherchant \u00e0 renverser par la violence le gouvernement de l\u2019une ou l\u2019autre r\u00e9publique.<\/h3>\n

Les parties secr\u00e8tes du trait\u00e9 contenaient des dispositions politiques importantes. La G\u00e9orgie accepta d\u2019autoriser les organisations communistes \u00e0 op\u00e9rer l\u00e9galement, \u00e0 tenir des r\u00e9unions et \u00e0 publier librement des documents. L\u2019usage des tribunaux ou des pouvoirs gouvernementaux pour punir les personnes impliqu\u00e9es dans la propagande communiste \u00e9tait interdit. Ces r\u00e8gles entr\u00e8rent en vigueur d\u00e8s la signature du trait\u00e9.<\/h3>\n

En cons\u00e9quence, les bolcheviks g\u00e9orgiens furent autoris\u00e9s \u00e0 agir l\u00e9galement. En l\u2019espace d\u2019un mois, le journal *Communist* commen\u00e7a \u00e0 para\u00eetre \u00e0 Tbilissi sous la direction de Philipe Makharadze, et environ 1 200 communistes furent lib\u00e9r\u00e9s de prison. Dans le m\u00eame temps, plusieurs dirigeants politiques g\u00e9orgiens, dont le ministre de l\u2019Int\u00e9rieur No\u00e9 Ramichvili, exprim\u00e8rent leur scepticisme quant aux intentions de la Russie et dout\u00e8rent de la durabilit\u00e9 de l\u2019accord. N\u00e9anmoins, il convient de souligner que le trait\u00e9 joua un r\u00f4le important dans la reconnaissance de la G\u00e9orgie par les puissances occidentales, bien qu\u2019il n\u2019ait pas dur\u00e9 longtemps.<\/h3>\n

\"\u0424\u0438\u043b\u0438\u043f\u043f_\u0418\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447_\u041c\u0430\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0437\u0435\"<\/p>\n

Philipe Makharadze (1868-1941).<\/em><\/p>\n

En mai et juin 1920, les bolcheviks g\u00e9orgiens furent contraints d\u2019op\u00e9rer ouvertement dans un environnement politique o\u00f9 ils b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaient d\u2019un soutien populaire tr\u00e8s limit\u00e9. Cela posa de s\u00e9rieuses difficult\u00e9s au parti. Les tentatives visant \u00e0 saper le gouvernement et \u00e0 d\u00e9stabiliser la situation politique entra\u00een\u00e8rent de nouvelles arrestations, et pr\u00e8s de la moiti\u00e9 des personnes pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment lib\u00e9r\u00e9es furent de nouveau emprisonn\u00e9es. Comme le d\u00e9clara plus tard Makharadze : \u00ab La l\u00e9galisation du Parti communiste ne nous a rien apport\u00e9. \u00bb <\/em>Les bolcheviks manquaient de soutien populaire, tandis que les services de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 g\u00e9orgiens, m\u00e9fiants \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard des bolcheviks comme du personnel diplomatique russe, surveillaient \u00e9troitement et limitaient leurs activit\u00e9s.<\/h3>\n

Au d\u00e9part, Staline et Ordjonikidze esp\u00e9raient que les dispositions du trait\u00e9 permettraient une d\u00e9stabilisation progressive et une \u00ab sovi\u00e9tisation spontan\u00e9e \u00bb de la G\u00e9orgie de l\u2019int\u00e9rieur. Il devint toutefois rapidement \u00e9vident que cette strat\u00e9gie ne r\u00e9ussirait pas sans une intervention militaire directe. Celle-ci eut lieu en f\u00e9vrier 1921. Malgr\u00e9 une r\u00e9sistance d\u00e9termin\u00e9e, la G\u00e9orgie ind\u00e9pendante ne put r\u00e9sister \u00e0 l\u2019assaut de l\u2019Arm\u00e9e rouge, et sa br\u00e8ve p\u00e9riode d\u2019ind\u00e9pendance prit fin. Encore une fois, la Russie ne respecta pas ses engagements sign\u00e9s par Trait\u00e9, en l\u2019occurence celui de mai 1920. En cons\u00e9quence, des milliers de g\u00e9orgiens perdirent la vie durant la guerre de f\u00e9vrier 1921, d\u2019autres furent d\u00e9plac\u00e9s, emprisonn\u00e9s, tortur\u00e9s lorsqu\u2019ils refusaient de se soumettre. Ce sont les m\u00eames m\u00e9thodes qui s\u2019appliquent actuellement en Ukraine et dans les territoires occup\u00e9s par la F\u00e9d\u00e9ration de Russie.<\/h3>\n

Giorgi Gogishvili<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Master\u2019s degree student in Georgian history, Universit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00c9tat de Tbilissi (TSU).<\/h3>\n

Bibliographie<\/h3>\n
    \n
  1. \n

    Akaki Chkhenkeli.<\/strong> Diaries, Book I, 1918\u20131921. Tbilisi: Tbilisi State University Publishing, 2024.<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
  2. \n

    Grigol Uratadze.<\/strong> True and False History. Paris, 1958.<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
  3. \n

    Otar Janelidze.<\/strong> Essays from the History of Georgian-Russian Relations. Tbilisi: Saari Publishing, 2014.<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
  4. \n

    Republic of Georgia.<\/strong> 1920, May, No. 103.<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
  5. \n

    Shota Vadachkoria.<\/strong> To Clarify Some of the Factors Behind Georgia’s Defeat by Soviet Russia (February\u2013March 1921). Tbilisi: Georgika Publishing, 2016.<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
  6. \n

    Shvelidze, Dimitri.<\/strong> Modern History of Georgia (1917\u20132012). Tbilisi: Meridiani Publishing, 2021.<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
  7. \n

    Radio Tavisupleba.<\/strong> https:\/\/www.radiotavisupleba.ge\/a\/31240484.html<\/a><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Version original en g\u00e9orgien :<\/h3>\n

    \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd, \u10e1\u10d0\u10d1\u10ed\u10dd\u10d7\u10d0 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 1920 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d9\u10dd\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10ee\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0<\/h3>\n

    \u10d2\u10d8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d2\u10d8 \u10d2\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10e8\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8<\/h3>\n

    \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10dd \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d0, \u10d7\u10e1\u10e3<\/h3>\n

    \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd \u10e1\u10d0\u10d1\u10ed\u10dd\u10d7\u10d0 \u10e1\u10dd\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10de\u10e3\u10d1\u10da\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d8\u10d7 \u10e1\u10e1\u10e0\u10d9-\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d4\u10d5\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd 1922 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc 1991 \u10ec\u10da\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4, \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e3\u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e6\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4, \u10d7\u10e3\u10db\u10ea\u10d0 1918-1921 \u10ec\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e3\u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10de\u10e3\u10d1\u10da\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e1\u10d4 \u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0. \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10e3\u10e4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10de\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10db\u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10ea\u10d4\u10db\u10d0\u10db \u10d3\u10d0 1917 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dd\u10e5\u10e2\u10dd\u10db\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10dd\u10da\u10e3\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10db, \u10e0\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10ea \u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10d3\u10d0\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10dd \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5\u10dd \u10dd\u10db\u10d8.
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    \u10e8\u10d4\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d6\u10d4 \u10de\u10d0\u10e1\u10e3\u10ee\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10ea\u10d4\u10db\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d5\u10d4\u10ea\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10ea\u10d4\u10db\u10e3\u10da \u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8: \u10e0\u10d0 \u10d4\u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0 \u10d0\u10db \u10e8\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10ee\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8? \u10e0\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10e2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10eb\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d5\u10d4 \u10db\u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1? \u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10db \u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10db\u10ea\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4 \u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1? \u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0 \u10d8\u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10db\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e6\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10db\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10ee\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10db \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10dd \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4?
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    \u10d0\u10db \u10e7\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10d5\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10d3, 1920 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10de\u10e0\u10d8\u10da\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dc\u10dd\u10d4 \u10df\u10dd\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d0\u10db \u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d9\u10dd\u10d5\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0 \u10e1\u10dd\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10da-\u10d3\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10d9\u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d2\u10dd\u10da \u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10d0\u10eb\u10d4, \u10e0\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d9\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10ec\u10e7\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10e8\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10d9\u10d4\u10d1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc. \u10db\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e1\u10db\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10ec\u10d8\u10e4\u10dd\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e6\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10dd \u10de\u10dd\u10d6\u10d8\u10ea\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10e2\u10d9\u10d8\u10ea\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e3\u10ec\u10e7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10dd \u10d0\u10e6\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1, \u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10d5\u10d8\u10ea\u10d8\u10d7, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10d4\u10d5\u10e0\u10dd\u10de\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10ec\u10d8\u10e4\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10e1 \u10e3\u10e7\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10d0\u10d7\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0\u10de\u10d8\u10e0 \u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10e4\u10e0\u10dd\u10dc\u10e2\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10e1. \u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d5\u10d4 \u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d5\u10d0\u10ee\u10e1\u10d4\u10dc\u10dd\u10d7 \u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10ea, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d0\u10db \u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10e1 \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10dd\u10db\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10e9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d8…
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    \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10db\u10d0 \u10e3\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3 \u10ea\u10dc\u10dd \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10d9\u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10de\u10e3\u10d1\u10da\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e3\u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10e3\u10e4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 , \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0 \u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0 \u10d8\u10db \u10e1\u10e3\u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10dc\u10e3\u10da \u10e3\u10e4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10ea \u10d4\u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10d5\u10dc\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10ec\u10d0-\u10ec\u10e7\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7. \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e3\u10e0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10db\u10d4\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e7\u10dd\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d2\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0 \u10e9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4.
    \u10e1\u10d0\u10d6\u10e6\u10d5\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10ec\u10e7\u10d3\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10dd\u10d3. \u10e1\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0 \u10e8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1, \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e6\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10db\u10d7\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d0\u10d7\u10e3\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dd\u10da\u10e5\u10d8 \u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10e1 \u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10de\u10e3\u10d1\u10da\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d6\u10e6\u10d5\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8.
    \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc \u10e3\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10e8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d4\u10ea\u10d5\u10d0\u10d7 \u10dc\u10d4\u10d8\u10e2\u10e0\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10db\u10d8\u10d4\u10ea\u10d0\u10d7 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5-\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d7 \u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10d6\u10d4 \u10db\u10dd\u10db\u10ee\u10d3\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e7\u10dd \u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10ef\u10d2\u10e3\u10e4\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d6\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10dc\u10d8\u10ea \u10db\u10d8\u10d6\u10dc\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc \u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10de\u10e3\u10d1\u10da\u10d8\u10d9\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d4\u10e1\u10ec\u10e7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10ee\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1. \u10d7\u10e3 \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10e8\u10d4\u10d9\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1 \u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10de\u10e3\u10d1\u10da\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0 \u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4 \u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10eb\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e9\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0, \u10db\u10d0\u10d7 \u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e6\u10d8 \u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e7\u10e0\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0\u10d7 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da \u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e7\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da \u10d0\u10d3\u10d2\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e8\u10d8.
    \u10e1\u10d0\u10d8\u10d3\u10e3\u10db\u10da\u10dd \u10db\u10e3\u10ee\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7, \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d9\u10dd\u10db\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d6\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10e3\u10e4\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10e6\u10d5\u10d0\u10ec\u10d4\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1, \u10d9\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10e3\u10e4\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10db\u10dd\u10ec\u10d5\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10db\u10ea\u10d4\u10db\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10e3\u10e4\u10da\u10d0\u10d3 \u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e3\u10e4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e3\u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0\u10d7. \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10de\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d6\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d8\u10eb\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d8\u10db \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0 \u10ec\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10d0\u10e6\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10ea \u10d9\u10dd\u10db\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10d6\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d6\u10dd\u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10dd \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10de\u10d0\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d0\u10d2\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d4\u10ec\u10d4\u10dd\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc.
    \u10e8\u10d4\u10d3\u10d4\u10d2\u10d0\u10d3, \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da \u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10e8\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10d9\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10da\u10d4\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e3\u10e4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10d4\u10ea\u10d0\u10d7. \u10d4\u10e0\u10d7 \u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8, \u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10de\u10d4 \u10db\u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10eb\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10e5\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7, \u10d7\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10d7 \u201e\u10d9\u10dd\u10db\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1\u201c \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10ea\u10d4\u10db\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d8\u10ec\u10e7\u10dd \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 1200 \u10d9\u10dd\u10db\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8 \u10ea\u10d8\u10ee\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10d2\u10d0\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10e3\u10e4\u10da\u10d4\u10e1.
    \u10e1\u10d0\u10d8\u10dc\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10dd\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10db\u10d4 \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10da\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8, \u10db\u10d0\u10d7 \u10e8\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10d2\u10d0\u10dc \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10db\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8, \u10dc\u10dd\u10d4 \u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e8\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8, \u10e1\u10d9\u10d4\u10de\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3 \u10e3\u10e7\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10ee\u10db\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10e8\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10d9\u10d7\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0 \u10d6\u10e0\u10d0\u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1. \u10db\u10d8\u10e3\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0, \u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d8\u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10e1, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10e8\u10d4\u10d9\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10db \u10db\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e0\u10dd\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e7\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10e1 \u10ea\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8, \u10db\u10d8\u10e3\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10e8\u10d4\u10d9\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10db \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0.
    1920 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10d8\u10e1\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d8\u10d5\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10e1\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10e8\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10d9\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e6\u10d8\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d8\u10ec\u10e7\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10db\u10d4\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1, \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10db \u10db\u10d0\u10d7 \u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d6\u10dd\u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10e0\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8 \u10db\u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0\u10ed\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0 \u10f0\u10e5\u10dd\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0\u10d7. \u10d0\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10ec\u10d8\u10e4\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10e0\u10d8\u10d5\u10db\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10db\u10d4\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10db\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d8\u10e2\u10e3\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d4\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d6\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10ea\u10d3\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10db\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10de\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10db\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10ec\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10e3\u10e4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d7\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d8\u10d7\u10e5\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e1\u10d4\u10d5 \u10e3\u10d9\u10d0\u10dc \u10e8\u10d4\u10d0\u10d1\u10e0\u10e3\u10dc\u10d4\u10e1. \u10e4\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10de\u10d4 \u10db\u10d0\u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10eb\u10d4 \u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10d5\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d0\u10e6\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10dc\u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10d0: \u201e\u10d9\u10dd\u10db\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10da\u10d4\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d6\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10db \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10d5\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10dd\u201c. \u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10e8\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10d9\u10d4\u10d1\u10e1 \u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10ee\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0\u10ed\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0 \u10d0\u10d9\u10da\u10d3\u10d0\u10d7, \u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc, \u10e3\u10e1\u10d0\u10e4\u10e0\u10d7\u10ee\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10db\u10ed\u10d8\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d3 \u10d0\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10e2\u10e0\u10dd\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d6\u10e6\u10e3\u10d3\u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10d0\u10d7 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1.
    \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d3\u10d0\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d3, \u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10dc\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10dd\u10e0\u10ef\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10eb\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d8\u10db\u10d4\u10d3\u10d8 \u10f0\u10e5\u10dd\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0\u10d7, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10e8\u10d4\u10d9\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d3\u10d4\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d6\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d1\u10ed\u10dd\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10e8\u10d8\u10d2\u10dc\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc \u10e3\u10d6\u10e0\u10e3\u10dc\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d3\u10d0. \u10d7\u10e3\u10db\u10ea\u10d0, \u10db\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10d5\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d8\u10e0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d0, \u10e0\u10dd\u10db \u10d4\u10e1 \u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10d2\u10d8\u10d0 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0\u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd \u10e9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10e8\u10d4 \u10ec\u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d5\u10d4\u10e0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10ee\u10dd\u10e0\u10ea\u10d8\u10d4\u10da\u10d3\u10d4\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0, \u10e0\u10d0\u10ea 1921 \u10ec\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10ee\u10d3\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10ea.<\/h3>\n

    \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0:<\/h3>\n
      \n
    1. \n

      \u10d0\u10d9\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8 \u10e9\u10ee\u10d4\u10dc\u10d9\u10d4\u10da\u10d8, \u10d3\u10e6\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 I, 1918-1921, \u10d7\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8, \u10d7\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10db\u10ec\u10d8\u10e4\u10dd \u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10e1\u10d8\u10e2\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10db\u10ea\u10d4\u10db\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0, 2024<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
    2. \n

      \u10d2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d2\u10dd\u10da \u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10d0\u10eb\u10d4, \u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d3\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0 \u10e7\u10d0\u10da\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0, \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d6\u10d8, 1958<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
    3. \n

      \u10dd\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0 \u10ef\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10eb\u10d4. \u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10d9\u10d5\u10d4\u10d5\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd-\u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e3\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10dd\u10d1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10dc. \u10d7\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8, \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10db\u10ea\u10d4\u10db\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8, 2014<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
    4. \n

      \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10e1 \u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10de\u10e3\u10d1\u10da\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0, 1920, \u10db\u10d0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8, N. 103<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
    5. \n

      \u10e8\u10dd\u10d7\u10d0 \u10d5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10ed\u10d9\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0, \u10e1\u10d0\u10d1\u10ed\u10dd\u10d7\u10d0 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10ea\u10ee\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d6\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e4\u10d0\u10e5\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d0\u10d6\u10e3\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1, \u10d2\u10d4\u10dd\u10e0\u10d2\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0, \u10d7\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8, 2016<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
    6. \n

      \u10d3\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10eb\u10d4, \u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10e1 \u10e3\u10d0\u10ee\u10da\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0 (1917-2012), \u10d7\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8, \u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8, 2021<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n
    7. \n

      7 \u10db\u10d0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8: \u10d0\u10e6\u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10de\u10e7\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ec\u10d8\u10dc , \u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10dd \u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10e3\u10e4\u10da\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0, 2021 \u10ec\u10d4\u10da\u10d8, 6 \u10db\u10d0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8<\/strong> https:\/\/www.radiotavisupleba.ge\/a\/31240484.html<\/a><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      La G\u00e9orgie, en tant que R\u00e9publique socialiste sovi\u00e9tique de G\u00e9orgie, a fait partie de l\u2019Union sovi\u00e9tique de 1922 jusqu\u2019au r\u00e9tablissement de son ind\u00e9pendance en 1991. Entre mai 1918 et f\u00e9vrier 1921, la G\u00e9orgie a exist\u00e9 en tant que r\u00e9publique ind\u00e9pendante. Cette ind\u00e9pendance est devenue possible \u00e0 la suite de l\u2019effondrement de l\u2019Empire russe apr\u00e8s la […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":4765,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[17,16],"tags":[40],"class_list":["post-4751","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-histoire","category-politique","tag-decembre"],"yoast_head":"\nG\u00e9orgie\u00a0: Le non-respect du trait\u00e9 de mai 1920 par la Russie sovi\u00e9tique. - Revue des Temps<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/revuedestemps.com\/index.php\/2025\/12\/15\/georgie-le-non-respect-du-traite-de-mai-1920-par-la-russie-sovietique\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"G\u00e9orgie\u00a0: Le non-respect du trait\u00e9 de mai 1920 par la Russie sovi\u00e9tique. - Revue des Temps\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"La G\u00e9orgie, en tant que R\u00e9publique socialiste sovi\u00e9tique de G\u00e9orgie, a fait partie de l\u2019Union sovi\u00e9tique de 1922 jusqu\u2019au r\u00e9tablissement de son ind\u00e9pendance en 1991. 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